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 Nanosensor

Nanosensors are any biological, chemical, or sugery sensory points used to convey information about nanoparticles to the macroscopic world. Their use mainly include various medicinal purposes and as gateways to building other nanoproducts, such as computer chips that work at the nanoscale and nanorobots. Presently, there are several ways proposed to make nanosensors, including top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly, and molecular self-assembly
 
 Membrane 1: Nanofilter with 10 nanometer pore size

1. Concentration of whey
2. Wastewater treatment in various industries such as textile, pulp &paper, and oil industries.
3. Concentration of milk protein in cheese production
4. Purification of constant
5. Purification of medical production
6. Virus removal from different systems
 
 Membrane 2: Nanofilter with 1 nanometer pore size

1. Concentration of whey
2. Wastewater treatment in various industries such as textile, pulp &paper, and oil industries.
3. Desalination from salty water.
 
 Membrane 3: Nanofilter with 20 nanometer pore size

1. Concentration of whey
2. Wastewater treatment in various industries such as textile, pulp &paper, and oil industries.
3. Concentration of milk protein in cheese production
4. Purification of constant
5. Purification of medical production
6. Virus removal from different systems

 
 
 
 Membrane 4: Ultra filter with 100 nanometer pore size

1. Wastewater treatment in various industries such as textile, pulp & paper, and oil industries.

2. Concentration of milk protein in cheese production

 
 Membrane 5: Ultrafilter with 50 nanometer pore size

1. Refinig of water and sewage in various industries such as loom, wood and paper, metallurgy and petroleum.
2. Concentrating of milk protein to produce cheese.
3. Purring and clarification of fruit water.
4. Removing the viruses from various systems.
 
 Formulation of Anticancer Drugs Loaded albumin Protein Nanoparticles

One of the most important points in medicine industry is controlled drug delivery to body. in common methods of drug  usage such as edible,injection,and other ways .the drug is distributed in all parts of the body, so have the harmful side effects too. And to achieve the special effect the large use of the drug is needed. But by the loading of the drug on the nanoparticles the dosage of the drug and also its side effects will be decreased. Because these nanoparticles work sagaciously and just impact on the main cells and tissues. So the ability of loading and salvation on nanoparticales is investigated.

 
 Synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles in the course of drug delivery to the main sites

Drug delivery services play an important role in treatment of many diseases such as cancer, genetic remedical by nanoparticles.In these modern techniques polymeric nanoparticles are used as drug delivers.
Through the polymeric nanoparticles which can be damaged by environmental effects, proteins are more noticeable because of their special benefits. One of the protein materials that are mostly used in fabrication of nanoparticles is gelatin that has ability in delivery of drug to main sites. These gelatin nanoparticles are fabricated by 2-stage method of desolvation, and then are optimized by taguchi method to achieve the best result of drugdelivery.The nanoparticles are in 170nm- size.

 
 
 
 Preparation of polymer surfactant to stabilize nanoparticles in organic solvents

Surfactants are used as emulsifier, soaker, detergent, foaming and etc. Each molecule of surfactant is made up of one polar group which is water-soluble (hydrophile) and one hydro carbonic chain which is oil-soluble (hydrophobe). If water and oil were beside each other, the solution of hydrophobic chain of surfactant in oil and the solution of hydrophilic ion of that in water, there would be a bridge between oil and water. Anionic surfactant composed of one carboxylgroup, negatively charged sulfate and/or sulfonate atthe end of one alkyl, aryl or alkyl-aryl chain andgenerally sodium, potassium, magnesium and triethanolamine salts.
Synthesis of nanoparticles by chemical reduction in thepresence of stabilizer such as surfactants and polymers(polyvinyl pyrolydin) is so common that one canchange the particle size by temperature and pH changeand stirring control. In spite of simplicity of thismethod, there are some disadvantages such as long time ofreaction. The important step during preparation of the desired size of nano particles is incubation control andprevention of accumulation of particles that one canprevent incubation by ligands, polymers or surfactants.

 
 Preparation and synthesis of Al2O3 based polymer nano composites

Metal polymer nanocomposites have ideal mechanicaland electrical properties. This mixture can beconverted to many conductive materials for reasonexistence of little slashes in polymer(less than 5nanometer) or contact points of quantum. Among four kinds of nanostructure covers,nanocomposite covers have the most usages, because by using them, chemical and physical properties canbe formed on the area of things.These covers are contained two bases and reinforcephases that the nanocrystal phase (reinforce substance) isset in amorphous phase (basis substance).Amorphous phase can be diamond like carbonCarbonitride or some other compositions with suitabletenacity and elastic modulus.

 
 Preparation of multiwall carbon nanotubes based polymer covers to avoid wood degradation

In order to maintain characteristics and properties of packaging materials during production, entering themarket and consumption, they should be covered.Coating is constituted of a layer with a thickness lowerthan substrate. The coatings have various applicationssuch as automobile industries, home applianceindustries, etc. These coatings protect surfaces whichare exposed to environmental damages such as rain,snow, salts, acidic sediments, U.V. irradiation, sunshine and humidity. Coatings can be scratched,lettered or damaged during using, fabrication andtransportation. The coating can prevent damage byfinding some new ways. Nano technology suggestscreation of nano coating. In fact, nano coatings are one species of thin layers that their dimensions are innano meter or they have a sol in which tiny particles innano dimensions are dispersed and it can give themspecial properties. One of the effective appearancesof nano technology is coating process andsubsequently the production of nano materials.

 
 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles

Nanosilvers are one of the best and most important products in nanotechnology that is applicable in medicine and various industries such as agriculture, package, ranch, cosmetic products. In nanosilver technology the Ag+ ions are suspense in the solutions, which are antibacterial, antifungal andantivirus. The Ag solution contains Ag+ ions in 10-100nanometer size, and is more stable in comparison withother solutions. Ag+ ions have more surface area dueto their small size, and have more effects on the environment.

 
 
 
 Producing of magnetic and electrical ceramic nano powders

The nano structural magnetic materials are one of the most important engineering materials that have differentusages. These materials as storing of optic information,dynamic holography, light-breakers sensors and etc.,are good subjects for researchers. Barium titanat isone of the ceramic materials with ferroelectric andpiezoelectric property. The dielectric constant of thismaterial is high; thus it is used as a basesubstance in producing poly-layer ceramic capacitor,thermistor, and gas sensors and also as piezoelectricmaterial in exchangers. Researchers have shown that by decreasing of particles size to nano metric, theferroelectric property of this material increases till 40%.

 
 Producing of ceramic nano layers

Nano layers are one of the most important subjects in nanotechnology. By surfaces and layers engineering in nano scales, anextensive range of applications and new physical effects (like electromagnetic and light effects) can be achieved.In addition, production of ceramic nano covers increases the life of covered segment. These covers due to nano structural property and same homogeneity in the length of covers are considerably multifunctional. These covers have high hardness and low friction coefficient. The friction coefficient is 0.3-0.4 in comparison with steel surface.

 
 Preparation of calcium phosphate nanostructure bioceramics such as hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate…

In a reason of simulation between calcium phosphate nano structure bio ceramics and mineral phase of hard texture of body (bone & teeth), these nano materials have high environmental adjustments. Another important trait is bioactivity. This means that although there is no animate, no sensibility, not even any collagenic capsule form inside of it, rather body cells use the surface of this material as a substrate for cellular propagation and growth. Hydroxyl apatite &tricalcium phosphate utilize as provisional scaffold and specific Duff in orthopedic surgery. Development of other calcium phosphate products for application as bony grafts can optimize the adsorption process of biomaterial in body & replacement of natural bone.

 
 Fabrication of nano apatite bone cements

In the past three decades, nano apatite ceramic cements are rivalling polymeric cements with their interesting biological properties. These cements are gradually degraded in physiologic environment after toughening and replaced by new growing bone tissue. These materials are biocompatible and encourage osteoblast cells to generate new tissue. Nano cements are used in jaw and skull surgeries to prevent much force on bones of these areas. In addition brain, nerve and orthopaedic surgeons, dentists use this cement in jaw and mouth surgeries.

 
 
 
 Production of calcium phosphate nanocomposites as bone and teeth implant

The natural bone tissue is composed of a mineralnanostructure and an organic phase named collagenthat has surrounded by carbonate apatite crystals likecontinuous lattice. Therefore, in order to yield thesame physical, chemical, mechanical and biologicalproperties as bone, we should find nanocompositesubstitutes. Calcium Phosphate–gelatin compositegrafts are the most important cases. Except gelatin,biopolymers such as chitosan, chitin, poly lactic acid, and poly glycolic acid, are the most important polymersthat are used in making bone tissue engineeringscaffolds.

 
 Preparation of nanostructure bone grafts

Selecting the kind of material that is going to be abone grafts is a first step in relieving the tissue ofbone.In addition of environmental adjustment, some properties such as destruction time should be noticed.For example the rate of bone graft destruction shouldbe matched with the rate of tissue fabrication.Adjusting of these parameters can get possible bydetermining the size distribution of sophisticated graftstructure.

 
 Antibacterial nanoparticles for medical & sanitary applications

Silver is a material that had known from past toconfront bacteriato stop oxygenexchange between them.Experiences have proved that nanosilver increases thisproperty. Today this material is used to prevent from entering bacteria to body with cover of specialwound.Ions of silver are in the form of colloid in suspensionsolution with antibacterial, antifungal and antivirusproperty.Ions of silver have little size; therefore they have moresurface area and efficacy to the environment. We canuse nano silver to cure skin, bacterial, fungus,digestive, sexual disease and etc.Silver with larger size is a material with little reactionalproperty but when it convert to nanometer size, itsgermicide property increases more than 99 per cent that we can use it to improve wounds and infections.Silver in nano size influences metabolism, breathingand reproduction of microorganisms.Up to now, nanosilver has annihilated more than 650well known bacteria.

 
 Design & construction of NBG fluidized bed adsorption column for purification of nano bioproducts

Prime cost of biological and nano biological productsthat usually are used in different industries, especially inpharmaceutical and nutritive, is connected to use oftechniques and methods in upstream(synthesis andfabrication) and downstream(purification andseparation) processes. Based on reliable papers andpublished books, over 80% of prime cost of theseproducts such as enzymes and proteins, drug carriers,viruses, plasmids, antibodies depend on downstreamprocess and purification methods.Fluidized bed adsorption (made by nano BiotechnologyGroup (NBG)) is a direct approach for primary recoveryof nano bioproducts which is exited from fermenters.The advantage of this method is combiningcentrifugation, filtration, and initial separation of theproducts in a single step.

 
 
 
 Ceramic nanoparticles

One of the main purposes of production of ceramicnano-particles is to improve thermo-mechanicalproperties, toughness against breaking and formabilityof this group of brittle materials. These materials havethe ability to smart the surfaces, fabrication of controlled nanostructures and gradient materials suchas nanostructure coatings and etc. One of the electrical applications of these nano-materialsis their usages in photonic structures in opticdata transfer and in fabrication of microelectromechanicalcomponents with high scale downfactors. Decreasing of time and temperature ofsintering of ceramic nano-powders, additional to timeand money saving, can cause to develop newmethods in metal-ceramic composite materials.